- Full text of 'Where the Boys Were'. The MATS Lockheed Constellation stopped in Hawaii and Kwajalein just long enough for refueling and crew changes. The protection we got for the radiation from these bombs was zero.
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Project Nike began during 1944 when the War Department demanded a new air defense system to combat the. Full text of 'IUP magazine' See other. Only newcomers to the witness protection program keep a lower profile than. Micronesians in Hawaii face uncertain future.
Project Nike - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Project Nike, (Greek: . Army project, proposed in May 1. Bell Laboratories, to develop a line- of- sight anti- aircraft missile system. The project delivered the United States' first operational anti- aircraft missile system, the Nike Ajax, in 1. A great number of the technologies and rocket systems used for developing the Nike Ajax were re- used for a number of functions, many of which were given the .
The missile's first- stage solid rocket booster became the basis for many types of rocket including the Nike Hercules missile and NASA's Nike Smoke rocket, used for upper- atmosphere research. History. Two proposals were accepted.
Bell Laboratories offered Project Nike. A much longer- ranged collision- course system was developed by General Electric, named Project Thumper, eventually delivering the BOMARC missile. Bell Labs' proposal would have to deal with bombers flying at 5. At these speeds, even a supersonic rocket is no longer fast enough to be simply aimed at the target. This means that the missile and target cannot be tracked by a single radar, increasing the complexity of the system. One part was well developed. By this point, the US had considerable experience with lead- calculating analog computers, starting with the British.
Kerrison Predictor and a series of increasingly capable U. S. The acquisition radar searched for a target to be handed over to the Target Tracking Radar (TTR) for tracking.
The Missile Tracking Radar (MTR) tracked the missile by way of a transponder, as the missile's radar signature alone was not sufficient. The MTR also commanded the missile by way of pulse- position modulation, the pulses were received, decoded and then amplified back for the MTR to track.
Once the tracking radars were locked the system was able to work automatically following launch, barring any unexpected occurrences. The computer compared the two radars' directions, along with information on the speeds and distances, to calculate the intercept point and steer the missile. The entirety of this system was provided by the Bell System's electronics firm, Western Electric.
The Douglas- built missile was a two- stage missile using a solid fuelbooster stage and a liquid fueled (IRFNA/UDMH) second stage. The missile could reach a maximum speed of 1,0. The missile contained an unusual three part payload, with explosive fragmentation charges at three points down the length of the missile to help ensure a lethal hit. The missile's limited range was seen by critics as a serious flaw, because it often meant that the missile had to be situated very close to the area it was protecting.
After disputes between the Army and the Air Force (see the Key West Agreement), all longer- range systems were assigned to the Air Force during 1. They merged their own long- range research with Project Thumper, while the Army continued to develop Nike. During 1. 95. 0 the Army formed the Army Anti- Aircraft Command (ARAACOM) to operate batteries of anti- aircraft guns and missiles.
ARAACOM was renamed the US Army Air Defense Command (USARADCOM) during 1. It adopted a simpler acronym, ARADCOM, in 1. Nike Ajax. The first type, Nike Ajax (MIM- 3), were deployed starting in 1.
The Army initially ordered 1,0. They were placed to protect strategic and tactical sites within the US.
As a last- line of defense from air attack, they were positioned to protect cities as well as military installations. The missile was deployed first at Fort Meade, Maryland during December 1.
A further 2. 40 launch sites were built up to 1. They replaced 8. 96 radar- guided anti- aircraft guns, operated by the National Guard or Army to protect certain key sites. This left a handful of 7. Skysweeper emplacements as the only anti- aircraft artillery remaining in use by the US. By 1. 95. 7 the Regular Army AAA units had been replaced by missile battalions. During 1. 95. 8 the Army National Guard began to replace their guns and adopt the Ajax system. Each launch site had three parts, separated by at least 1,0.
One part (designated C) of about six acres (2. The second part (designated L), around forty acres (1. The site had a crew of 1. One launcher would be on 1. The third part was the administrative area (designated A), which was usually co- located with the IFC and contained the battery headquarters, barracks, mess, recreation hall, and motor pool.
The actual configuration of the Nike sites differed depending on geography. Whenever possible the sites were placed on existing military bases or National Guard armories; otherwise land had to be purchased.
The Nike batteries were organized in Defense Areas and placed around population centers and strategic locations such as long- range bomber bases, nuclear plants, and (later) ICBM sites. The Nike sites in a Defense Area formed a circle around these cities and bases. There was no fixed number of Nike batteries in a Defense Area and the actual number of batteries varied from a low of two in the Barksdale AFB Defense Area to a high of 2. Chicago Defense Area. In the Continental United States the sites were numbered from 0.
The numbers had no relation to actual compass headings, but generally Nike sites numbered 0. The Defense Areas in the Continental United States were identified by a one- or two- letter code which were related to the city name. Thus those Nike sites starting with C were in the Chicago Defense Area, those starting with HM were in the Homestead AFB/Miami Defense Area, those starting with NY were in the New York Defense Area, and so forth. As an example Nike Site SF- 8.
L refers to the launcher area (L) of the battery located in the northwestern part (8. San Francisco Defense Area (SF). During the early- to- mid- 1.
Nike Ajax batteries were upgraded to the Hercules system. The new missiles had greater range and destructive power, so about half as many batteries provided the same defensive capability. Regular Army batteries were either upgraded to the Hercules system or decommissioned. Army National Guard units continued to use the Ajax system until 1.
Hercules. Eventually, the Regular Army units were replaced by the National Guard as a cost- saving measure, since the Guard units could return to their homes when off duty. A Nike Ajax missile accidentally exploded at a battery in Leonardo, New Jersey on 2. May 1. 95. 8, killing 6 soldiers and 4 civilians. A memorial can be found at Fort Hancock in the Sandy Hook Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area.
Nike Hercules. It improved speed, range and accuracy, and could intercept ballistic missiles. The Hercules had a range of about 1. It had solid fuel boost and sustainer rocket motors. The boost phase was four of the Nike Ajax boosters strapped together. In the electronics, some vacuum tubes were replaced with more reliable solid- state components. The missile also had an optional nuclear warhead to improve the probability of a kill.
The W- 3. 1 warhead had four variants offering 2, 1. The 2. 0 kt version was used in the Hercules system. At sites in the USA the missile almost exclusively carried a nuclear warhead.
Sites in foreign nations typically had a mix of high explosive and nuclear warheads. The fire control of the Nike system was also improved with the Hercules and included a surface- to- surface mode which was successfully tested in Alaska. The mode change was accomplished by changing a single plug on the warhead from the . First deployed to Chicago, 3. Hercules ground systems were manufactured. By 1. 96. 0 ARADCOM had 8.
Hercules batteries and 1. Ajax batteries, defending 2. Peak deployment was in 1. Hercules batteries not including the US Army Hercules batteries deployed in Germany, Greece, Greenland, Italy, Korea, Okinawa, Taiwan, and Turkey. In 1. 96. 1, SAC and the U. S. Army began a joint training mission with benefits for both parties. SAC needed fresh (simulated) targets which the cities ringed by Nike/Hercules sites provided, and the Army needed live targets to acquire and track with their radar.
SAC had many Radar Bomb Scoring (RBS) sites across the country which had very similar acquisition and tracking radar, plus similar computerized plotting boards which were used to record the bomber tracks and bomb release points. Airmen from these sites were assigned TDY to Nike sites across the country to train the Nike crews in RBS procedures. The distances from the simulated bomb landing point and the . The results of these bomb runs were used to promote or demote air crews.
ECM activity also took place between the bombers and the Nike sites. The performance of the NIKE crews improved remarkably with this . The National Guard air defense units shared responsibility for defense of their assigned area with active Army units in the area, and reported to the active Army chain of command. This is the only known instance of Army National Guard units being equipped with operational nuclear weapons. The Zeus was aimed at intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Zeus, with a new 4.
MN) thrust solid- fuel booster, was first test launched during August 1. The Nike Zeus system utilized the ground based Zeus Acquisition Radar (ZAR), a significant improvement over the Nike Hercules HIPAR guidance system. Shaped like a pyramid, the ZAR featured a Luneburg lens receiver aerial weighing about 1,0. The first successful intercept of an ICBM by Zeus was in 1. Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands. Despite its technological advancements, the Department of Defense terminated Zeus development in 1.
The Zeus system, which cost an estimated $1. Nike- X featured phase- array radars, computer advances, and a missile tolerant of skin temperatures three times those of the Zeus. In September 1. 96. Department of Defense announced the deployment of the LIM- 4. A Spartan missile system, its major elements drawn from Nike X development. In March 1. 96. 9.
It became operational in 1. The name referred to its experimental basis, it was intended to be replaced by a more appropriate name when the system was put into production.